The Reduction Of The Carbon Emissions

The Reduction Of The Carbon Emissions As we know that most of the least-developed countries (LDC) or called developing countries are in the areas with harsh natural conditions. To some extent, poor natural resources limit those countries developments. It is different from the least-developed countries that the developed countries have favorable geographical and environmental advantages. They have emitted greenhouse gases for over 200years without any limitations. The average global temperature during the 1980s exceeded that of any other decade since reliable temperature recording began a century ago, and 1990 was the warmest year on record (Hansen, 1991). The consensus among climate scientists on the threshold marker for dangerous climate change that consensus identifies 2 °C (3.6 °F) as a reasonable upper-bound (UNDP, 2008). The issues above explain the global warming problem is becoming more serious and threat human survival in the 21st century. And the first measurement to decline the global warming is reducing th e emission of greenhouse gases. Therefore, we have placed a challenge in front of the least-developed countries. How do they balance development and reduction of carbon emission is a big problem. Therefore, I think the reduction of carbon emission is the most serious obstacle to development faced by most least-developed countries in the 21st century. In this paper, I discuss this problem from two sides: one is the internal causes of large carbon emission, and the other is the conflicts with developed countries on reducing of carbon emission. The global warming seems like a collective problem which faced by all the people in the world. However, for different interests both of the developed country and least-developed country are not willing to reduce their carbon emission. Although both of the two camps face the same problem, they still have some conflicts are inner of them. Because, limiting the emission of greenhouse gases will constraint the development of a country in some degrees. At the meanwhile, the reduction emission of greenhouse gases has been becoming a hot potato. In the least-developed countries, if agricultural productivity were drastically reduced by climate change, the cost of living would rise by one or two percent, and at a time when per capita income will likely have doubled. In developing countries, in contrast, as much as a third of GNP and half the population currently depends on agriculture. They may still be vulnerable to climate change for many years to come (Schelling, 1997). However, agriculture contributes only a small percentage-three percent in the United States-of national income. But agriculture is practically the only sector of the economy affected by climate (Schelling, 1997). So the developing countries will concern more about the effects of climate change on agriculture, if the developed countries have large emission of greenhouse gases which makes the climate becoming worse and worse. Another problem for the least-developed countries is the great amount of population. The large population will have more consumption of carbon productions. In other words, larger population will cause more emission of greenhouse gases. For such amount of population, the developing countries will make a big expense on the improvement of climate. So where the money comes from is a problem. Furthermore, a large population will cause poverty which will cause greater waste of resources and larger emission of greenhouse gases. For the developed countries, the problems are more complex. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution the concentration of CO2, the principal greenhouse gas affected by mans actions, has risen by 25 percent (Bongaarts, 1992). The developed countries have very high level of industrialization which means they have very big emission of greenhouse gases. Bongaarts article gives the evidence that in 1985 per capita CO2 emission from the developed world was more than five times higher than in the developing world. It seems the developed countries have fewer problems be faced than the developing countries, because the developed countries have basically eradicated poverty in their countries. However, it is not all the case, because the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) asks the contracting countries to fulfill their obligations. And the obligations of the developed countries are delivering the fund assistances to the developing countries. But few of the de veloped countries will to give fund assistance to the developing countries, because it would affect those countries GDP in a certain extent. Therefore, the least-developed countries will become much harder on reducing the carbon emission without any assistance from the developed countries. Also the least-developed countries are lost in the transfer of carbon emissions from the developed countries. For example, the vast majority of the worlds MP3 players are made in China, where the main power source is coal. Manufacturing a single MP3 player releases about 17 pounds of planet-warming carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Carbon leakage ¼Ã…’this is the idea that countries can reduce their own emissions by sending dirty industries abroad. The same countries may still import the finished goods from the developing world, creating a situation in which global carbon emissions rise, even as individual nations meet their targets (Spencer, 2007). For the least-developed countries, on the surface, their GDP has increased, but actually their environment was damaged permanently. So here both of the least-developed countries and developed countries are turning the core to the agreement which can deal the conflicts of greenhouse gases emission, funds, and distribute the responsibilities. The suggested measurement given by Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary-General of the United Nations says the world urgently needs to step up action to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Industrialized countries need to make deeper emission reductions. There needs to be further engagement of developing countries, as well as incentives for them to limit their emissions while safeguarding economic growth and efforts to eradicate poverty.(UNDP, 2007) Although Bans words give the suggested solutions to the global warming, he doesnt give precise standards for the developed countries. Either, this is the bargaining topic in Copenhagen Climate Talks. China, India and other developing countries are currently exempted from the Kyoto Protocol, because they did not have large-scale emissions of greenhouse gases in the industrialization which caused by the current global climate change. However, some critics argued that China, India, and other large developing countries will soon become the large-scale greenhouse gas emissions countries. Also, if the Kyoto Protocol doesnt limit these countries who are outside the treaty now, it cannot achieve greenhouse gas reductions, and even accelerate the warming because it is possible that developed countries will move their carbon-intensive industries outside to the developing countries. For example the developed country invested in a developing country, and builds their carbon-intensive economy in the developing country which equals the developed country transfers their carbon emissions to the developing country. Although the treaty allows the developed countries can buy the carbon emissions fr om the developing countries, the developed countries prefer to investment because the costs of labor are cheaper and the environment of their countries wont be polluted. But for the developing countries, these kind of investments most likely harms to their development in the long-run. As conclusion, although it is difficult to find a balance between reduction of carbon emission and development for the least-developed countries, but the sustainable development is a long-run plan for every country. In the short run, the investment on the improvement of technology to reduce carbon emission will be paid in the future. And either developed countries or developing countries should strengthen international cooperation because we have a same target, and I hope the farce of Copenhagen wont repeat itself in the future.

Change Management in Organizations dependency on Leadership Essay

This paper seeks to establish how change can be effectively introduced to the challenging global business environment of today. However, to establish this, one has to first understand what a change management strategy is and to critically analyze the key composition of an ideal change management strategy and figure out how they relate to the question at hand. Conspicuously, change management strategy is a systematic approach to making adjustments to the application of a set of tools, processes or skills during a project or initiative. Through the application of its controlled processes and a wide variety of set tools that are utilized for purposes of leading organizations into achieving their forecasted and desired outcomes. From the aforementioned definition, we are able to decipher that: the change management process is an integral aspect of performance of organizations that is vital in ensuring its success and on the offset; it describes the driving force towards adoption and the usage of new strategies so that results of a business can be realized CITATION Hor08 l 1033 (Hornstein, 2008 ). The change management strategy process consists of mainly 3 processes that are instrumental in realizing desired business results. The change strategy process has three components outlined as: preparing for change where, one is required to prepare for the change that is about to occur. It entails defining the correct management strategy that is best suited to achieving the desired results of the organization. One has to prepare his/her change management team that will be influential in achieving the desired results of the change management strategy CITATION Sur04 l 1033 (Surendra & Wulonng, 2004). The last thing is to develop a sponsorship model for the strategy. Secondly, there is change management; once the change management strategy has been invented, then the change management plans must be developed so as to realize the desired results in the change management strategy. This entails taking action and implementing plans that are in the change management strategy and instilling them with a great amount of discipline CITATION Aqu14 l 1033 (Aquila, 2014). Thirdly, reinforcing change where one has to collect and analyze the feedback from those that the change has affected. Diagnosing of gaps and managing of resistance is also of importance in reinforcing change. One should then implement corrective actions and celebrate successes that the change management strategy has brought about. A great deal of organizations embark on initiatives to ensure the success of their change management strategy with an inference to their commonly associated benefits that are outlined as cost reductions and timely product or service delivery, however, majority of these organizations come to acknowledge that a having a factual CMS in place does not in any way resolve their organizational operational issues CITATION Cap14 l 1033 (Capelli, 2014). In many circumstances, corporations are engaged in the hiring of only a select few project managers and in return expect that this bunch of professionals will magically transform their idea and deliver the beneficial aspects of contingent Project Methodology CITATION Dew12 l 1033 (Dewhurst, Harris, & Heywood, 2012 ). In actuality, a great deal of this organizations only get to learn that through inadequate planning their set projects do get delivered though they involve incoherent processes, are guided by ineffective methodology structures, not delivered in good timelines or their financial estimations are over budget and to top it all off, varied aspect of an implementation process are guided by poor management strategies and their performance reporting data is not recorded CITATION Kat14 l 1033 (Katz, 2014). Once the conceptualizing idea in a project is not clearly set out, several projects being guided a particular department will ideally exhibit the aforementioned aspects of poor change management process; the problems exhibited can only be remedied through exquisite leadership within organizations. In circumstances where a particular change management strategy is not being conceptualized, four basic issues are usually evident CITATION Agu14 l 1033 (Aguire & Alpern, 2014). Firstly, the organi zation lacks overall accountability envisions with regards lack proper recording of what exactly when into accounting and time delivery aspects of a project. The management departments of organizations that exhibit poor accountability in most cases are engaged in laying the blame of failure on someone else within the organization CITATION Kat08 l 1033 (Katzenbach, Rutrger, & Thomas, 2008). Secondly, there is the aspect of work effort of individuals undertaking a particular project is significantly overlapped thus pushing these people into a continuous rework process until desired results are attained. In this case, what usually leads to the development of this pattern is the fact that the knowledge base of an organization is not fully analyzed before the delegation of works according to the specific qualifications of an individual. It thus sets off a wheel of events which means that the organization will have to start again thus wasting labor and man hours CITATION Ken09 l 1033 (Kenflent, 2009). Inconsistent metrics and reporting comes third in this list where poor decision-making is highly probable thus making a benchmarking process in the implementation of a project virtually impossible. It is gambling with the investment of a company where one who is totally unfamiliar with the other players on a poker deck but still goes ahead to make play with the expectation of g obbling up the spoils. Therefore, this means that being a new player in a very different field will make it very hard for one to fit completely as many challenges will be posed. Lastly, this organizations exhibit all aspects if poor coordination of projects that involves cooperation between departments within an organization there envisioning equally poor organizational support CITATION Llo12 l 1033 (Llopis, 2012). The lack of teamwork and proper communication structures within an organization is a pivotal step that determines the failure or success of a project. Therefore, in order to establish how change can be effectively introduced to the challenging global business environment of today, one has to overcome the challenges that have been posed by implementing the key elements of a CMS. These elements are outlined as: the Need for Urgency-an organizational burning platform exists when maintaining the status quo becomes prohibitively expensive. Major change is always costly, but when the present course of action is even more expensive, a burning platform situation erupts CITATION Cus14 l 1033 (Cusumano, 2014). Create a sense of urgency based on the company’s financial performance, competitive edginess and proper market positioning and finally staying abreast with developments in technological trends. Second is proper leader identification. Organizations should be keen on sourcing the ideal change leader with their desired set of skills so that the initiative of change can be conceptualized in a professional manner where timelines of d elivery are given close analysis. However, success of projects is not only conceptualized through organizations having godly-leaders at the helm but with a combination of competent support professionals who will be instrumental in steering the organization to its desired achievements CITATION Kap13 l 1033 (Kaplan, 2013). Secondly, workforce motivation is something that organizations need to channel their concentration on so as to conceptualize change story that will impact on employees positively, for before you get buy-in process, people need to feel the problem that is at hand. People are not going to consider anything until they are convinced that there is a problem that truly needs to be addressed CITATION Din06 l 1033 (Dinsmore & Cooke-Davies, 2006). Establishing a motivational point is critical in establishing a correlation point for the implementation process that will involve people who are knowledgeable about the organization’s need for change. Once this has been established the company already established a buy-in and understanding for its employee thus they get acclimatized with the roles they play in the organization. Third, clearly setting out visions and values is influential in creating a picture of desired set goals for the future success of the organization. Corporations shoul d therefore go out of their way to give its employees as sense of corporate belonging thus establishing an enduring purpose for not only themselves but also the organization at large. The lack of a clearly defined vision could lead to misinterpretation of change efforts in an organization thus steering projects in the opposite direction. Communication is another aspect propelling requisite change management strategies within organizations in the current business industry. Throughout the implementation process of an idea within an organization, people within an organization need to be informed constantly so as to create an environment of inclusiveness thus steer them with the momentum for progress and success of their work CITATION Har12 l 1033 (Harrington, 2012). Communicate this information broadly and dramatically, especially with respect to crises, potential crises etc. To successfully implement change initiatives, leaders of organizations need to play the role of communicating to employees effectively about every development progress of a project. Next is line is the need for leaders to have an eye for inconsistency lookout where the change leader needs to be on the consistent lookout for any inconsistencies that may arise due to the results from the change. Whenever any inconsistencies arise, they should be proa ctively dealt with without any delay CITATION Sir05 l 1033 (Sirkin, Keenan, & Jackson, 2005). Lastly, the general aspect of implementation and reinforcement of ideas is what actually determines what succeeds and what fails. In most cases, moving away from the traditional ways and culture of undertaking business is a problem that comes up every now and then when a change management strategy is being conceptualized. It is therefore the duty of leaders to ensure that the operations of employees are monitored throughout the implementation process and guide them in the right direction in situations where they veer off the correct course. References Aguire, D., & Alpern, M. (2014). 10 Principals of Leading Change Management . Strategy + Business , 75-82. Aquila, K. (2014, January 9). Quotas for female board members look like a toad too far. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from The Financial Times : http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e06ac8bc-784a-11e3-831c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2rEx8m1lp. Capelli, P. (2014, February 5). Work Classifiaction In the Work Environment . Retrieved January 10, 2015, from The Economist : http://www.economist.com/node/341352 Cusumano, T. (2014). Change Strategies of 10 Corporate Firms of UK . London : Puferntred Publications . Dewhurst, M., Harris, J., & Heywood, S. (2012 ). The Global Company’s Challenge . McKinsey Quaterly , 7-10. Dinsmore, P. C., & Cooke-Davies, T. (2006). The Right Projects, Done Right . San Francisco : Jossey Bass. Harrington, J. (2012). The Face for Organizational Change . Welton Planning Monthly , 12-17. Hornstein, H. (2008 ). Using a Change Management Approach to Implement Programs . Ivey Business Journal , 14-21. Kaplan, R. (2013). Leadership Skills for Change . Business Weekly , 23-42. Katz, R. (2014, August 19). The global talent index report: The outlook to 2015. Retrieved January 10, 2015, from Heidrick & Struggles: (http://www.economistinsights.com/sites/default/files/downloads/GTI%20FINAL%20REPORT%205.4.11.pdf Katzenbach, J. R., Rutrger, P. V., & Thomas, J. (2008). The Critical Few: Components of a Truly Effective Culture. New York: Barnes & Noble. Kenflent, W. (2009). Culture Blame within Organizations . London : Routledge . Llopis, G. (2012, April 11). 5 Most Effective Ways to Sell Change . Retrieved January 10, 2015, from Forbes : http:www.foprbes.com/5+mot+effectyive+ways/23eds54 Sirkin, H., Keenan, P., & Jackson, A. (2005). The Hard Side of Change Management . Harvard Business Review , 163. Surendra, G., & Wulonng, G. (2004). The Effect of Organizational Innovation and Information Technology on Firm Performance. Quebec : Welton Sox . Source document

World View

Using the concept of a ‘world view', identify some of the beliefs and attitudes, particularly to education and learning that you bring to your learning now. Reflect critically on how your worldview has been shaped by factors such as your gender, age or community. In your answer refer to Hobson (1996) and Samovar and Porter (2004) from the SSK12 Reader, and Chapter 1 in A Guide to Learning Independently (Marshall and Rowland, 2006, 1-18). The world view I hold in regards to education and learning is that it is a privilege made available to all of us within Australia. I believe that education is the key to the world. Education is the foundation of life. Everything in life revolves around education and learning. In this essay I will explain to you why I think education is a privilege and that education is an essential part of life. The factors that shaped this world view of mine are my family, age, gender and community. Firstly I will define they key term â€Å"World View† Hobson (1996, p 2) defines it as â€Å"the set of beliefs that we hold and through which we organise our understanding of ourselves and our understanding of others† an other way of defining world view is the way Samovar and Porter (2004, p 1) say that it is an â€Å"overarching philosophy† meaning an overall view. So my world view is formed because of these factors I am in my twenties, I am female, I live in Australia and I come from a family where education is highly valued as it is the key to success. My age impacted my world view towards education and learning. In 90’s at secondary school there was a lot of emphasis on completing your high school certificate (Year 12) and moving onto university learning. I did not however follow this philosophy of going to university. I always knew though that there were many options available to me, if later I wanted to return to study. I did know that I still needed to gain more education so that I could gain employment in a field of my choice. I chose to become a hairdresser and had to gain a Cert III in Hairdressing at a TAFE institution. I excelled in this learning environment and knew that knowledge meant power. I have that knowledge still with me now as I enter into university learning that knowledge means power. This knowledge will provide me with the power to continue my learning to better myself as a person. Having a baby and becoming a mother changed my life, it also made me realise even more so the importance of education and learning. Watching the way my son learnt new skills intrigued me, I wanted to learn more about educating children. This interest led me to explore my options about returning to study. There were so many options now that were not available when I finished school. I decided that I would enrol in a distance course a Bachelor of Education Early Childhood, so that I could still stay home with my child while he was in the most important stage of his life. When learning skills from me, would mean that his foundations for life would be set. I believe that I am privileged to have the opportunity to return to study, to change my career and also to increase my knowledge on education as knowledge is power. Family is the major contributing factor to my world view. My family always regarded education as a major priority and we all agreed that Education is the foundation for life. I believe now that I am a mother I can see even more so the truth behind what I believe and what my family believe about education. I know that providing my child and children in general with the best possible education while they are young will give them a good foundation to base the rest of there life on. Everything in life is about learning, from learning how to walk and talk, to learning to drive a car we are learning in every facet of our lives continually. Within my family, community and culture I believe gender is no barrier, when is comes to education and learning. In some cultures though, woman are seen as being not equal to that of a man. I n the Islamic world view women are definitely seen as a slave to a mans needs. In Samovar and Porter (2004, p1) they quote Bianquis. T. 1996) they see this point as well â€Å"Generally speaking woman as an individual was subordinated to man both Quran and the Hadith. God created woman from a fragment of a man’s body that she might serve him†. My mother was my role model that woman can be educated professionals, and she always instilled in me that woman can do anything a man can. My mother rose up above the notion of her time in the 70’s that woman were to stay home and run a household. So as a result of this I always k new that throughout my education being female would not be an issue. I believe that yes we are privileged to be able to gain a quality education irrespective of our gender. A belief I have is that education is the Foundation for life. If you stop and just think about your life you soon realise that everything you do in life is learnt. Everything we know today stems from education and learning. Just think about all the new drugs that are created to cure diseases, all this brilliance come from educated people that are learning about these diseases in order for them to create these miracles. They are using there educations in the best possible way by helping the people of the world. This is why I believe that education can change the world. What I bring to my learning now is that I understand where education stems from and that is the key and the foundation for life. I have had an up bringing that fostered learning and that is why I am now continuing to study and gain a degree in education. With this degree I will be able to teach Australia’s young children the foundations of learning. We all learn in different ways but we as human being are continually learning and thinking every minute of every day. The following quote from Marshall and Rowland (1996, p10) is proof of what I am saying â€Å"All of us are living and thinking subjects†¦Everybody both acts and thinks. The way people act or react is linked to a way of thinking, and of course thinking is related to tradition. † With this said I believe that yes thinking is a critical part of learning. The most important beliefs and attitudes I hold towards education and learning make me a better and more independent student. It is a privilege that here in Australia any body from anywhere in the world can come and gain an education. Education is a key to the world; anything can be achieved if you have the right education. Education is the foundation of life. Education and learning can even make the world a better place. My world view is shaped around these factors my age, gender community and most importantly my family. It is such a privilege that we are given the opportunity to learn. Education and learning is the way forward to the world being a better place!

Central Problems Of The Articles Of Confederation Essay

2. What were the central problems of the Articles of Confederation? How did the delegates to the Philadelphia Convention address them? Finally, how did the delegates resolve the three contentious political issues: the representation of large and small states, slavery, and state sovereignty? The Patriots desired to have a central government with limited powers. The Articles of Confederation, a written document defining the structure of the government from 1781 to 1788, only had powers to declare war, make treaties, borrow and print money; however, it lacked the power to tax either the states or the people. The government continued to print money which caused inflation. They also owed the French for the financial backing of the war. Congress lacked the power to draft troops, which left the US weak and vulnerable to potential attack. Also, Congress lacked the power to place tariffs on foreign goods, which economically hurt American business because they could not compete with British good that were sold at a cheaper rate. In May 1787, fifty-five educated and propertied delegates from every state except Rhode Island attended the Philadelphia Convention. Important leaders were absent, so young nationalist were able to set the program for this event. Declaring that the convention would â€Å"decide for ever the fate of Republican Government,† James Madison insisted on increased national authority. Alexander Hamilton of New York likewise demanded a strong central government toShow MoreRelatedThe Articles Of Confederation Was A Successful Nation1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe Articles o f Confederation was a start for what America would become. They were adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777. This document served as the United States first constitution, and was in force from March 1, 1781, until 1789 when the present day Constitution went into effect. The Articles of Confederation were a strong beginning for America however it had its flaws. The Articles of Confederations rigid and non flexible characteristics hindered American. The ConstitutionRead MoreHistorical Essay #1: Confederation and Constitution1160 Words   |  5 PagesHistorical Essay #1: Confederation and Constitution Anthony Snow DeVry University 08/01/2015 HISTORICAL ESSAY #1: CONFEDERATION AND CONSTITUTION As with anything in this world there are always strengths and weaknesses when people are comparing two different items, as no one item can be a perfect solution; there are always compromises. The same happens when we are comparing the Articles of Confederation and the New Constitution of 1787. 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The Articles of Confederation was the first system of government that was proposed and put into effect. This attempt at creating a system that protected the people form a strong central government ultimately failed but was an important step in the development of the current government system. The weaknesses presented by the Articles of Confederation helped lead t o reforms that made the Constitution successful. Both the Articles and the Constitution demonstrate theRead MoreThe Influence of Shays Rebellion Essay1001 Words   |  5 Pagespower in the central government the states rights would vanish. Therefore, the first form of government, the Articles of Confederation, gave too much power to the states and insufficient power to the central government. States could create their own money and refuse federal taxes, which caused many tribulations and almost destroyed the new country. In 1787, delegates from twelve states came together to revise the Articles of Constitution to provide the citizens with a stronger central government.Read More Articles of confederation Essay539 Words   |  3 Pages Articles of Confederation vs. Constitution nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Articles of Confederation and the Constitution, although vastly different in their philosophies of governing the nation, both played a big role in setting the stage for America’s economy in the upcoming nineteenth century. A few years after the Articles of Confederation were drafted many politicians and economists, such as Alexander Hamilton, began to see problems with the decentralized form of government that was createdRead MoreThe Constitution And The United States Of America1267 Words   |  6 Pagesstronger central government that could protect the governed by raising arms in defense. It helped secure a democratic government and prevent it from turning into a tyranny or dictatorship. 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